終于把機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)中的損失函數(shù)搞懂了?。。?/h1>
作者：小寒
Huber Loss 是介于 MSE 和 MAE 之間的一種損失函數(shù)，當(dāng)誤差較小時(shí)，它像 MSE 一樣處理，而當(dāng)誤差較大時(shí)，它像 MAE 一樣處理。
1. Mean Squared Error (MSE)
MSE 是回歸任務(wù)中最常用的損失函數(shù)之一。
它衡量模型預(yù)測(cè)值與實(shí)際值之間的平均平方誤差。
公式:
特點(diǎn):
- 對(duì)于大的誤差，MSE 會(huì)給出更大的懲罰，因?yàn)檎`差被平方。
- 對(duì)于異常值較為敏感。
import tensorflow as tf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
class MeanSquaredError_Loss:
"""
This class provides two methods to calculate Mean Squared Error Loss.
"""
def __init__(self):
pass
@staticmethod
def mean_squared_error_manual(y_true, y_pred):
squared_difference = tf.square(y_true - y_pred)
loss = tf.reduce_mean(squared_difference)
return loss
@staticmethod
def mean_squared_error_tf(y_true, y_pred):
mse = tf.keras.losses.MeanSquaredError()
loss = mse(y_true, y_pred)
return loss
if __name__ == "__main__":
def mean_squared_error_test(N=10, C=10):
# Generate random data
y_true = tf.random.uniform(shape=(N, ), minval=-C, maxval=C, dtype=tf.float32)
y_pred = tf.random.uniform(shape=(N, ), minval=-C, maxval=C, dtype=tf.float32)
# Test the MeanSquaredError_Loss class
mse_manual = MeanSquaredError_Loss.mean_squared_error_manual(y_true, y_pred)
print(f"mean_squared_error_manual: {mse_manual}")
mse_tf = MeanSquaredError_Loss.mean_squared_error_tf(y_true, y_pred)
print(f"mean_squared_error_tensorflow: {mse_tf}")
print()
# Plot the points on a graph
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
plt.scatter(y_true.numpy(), y_pred.numpy(), color='blue', label='Predicted vs Actual')
plt.plot([-C, C], [-C, C], 'r--', label='Ideal Line') # Diagonal line representing ideal predictions
plt.title(f"Predictions vs Actuals\nMean Squared Error: {mse_manual.numpy():.4f}")
plt.xlabel('Actual Values')
plt.ylabel('Predicted Values')
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
mean_squared_error_test()
圖片
2. Mean Absolute Error (MAE)
MAE 也是用于回歸任務(wù)的損失函數(shù)，它計(jì)算的是預(yù)測(cè)值與實(shí)際值之間誤差的絕對(duì)值的平均值。
公式:
特點(diǎn):
- MAE 不像 MSE 那樣對(duì)異常值敏感，因?yàn)樗鼪]有平方誤差。
- 更加直觀，直接反映了誤差的平均大小。
import tensorflow as tf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
class MeanAbsoluteError_Loss:
"""
This class provides two methods to calculate Mean Absolute Error Loss.
"""
def __init__(self):
pass
@staticmethod
def mean_absolute_error_manual(y_true, y_pred):
absolute_difference = tf.math.abs(y_true - y_pred)
loss = tf.reduce_mean(absolute_difference)
return loss
@staticmethod
def mean_absolute_error_tf(y_true, y_pred):
mae = tf.keras.losses.MeanAbsoluteError()
loss = mae(y_true, y_pred)
return loss
if __name__ == "__main__":
def mean_absolute_error_test(N=10, C=10):
# Generate random data
y_true = tf.random.uniform(shape=(N, ), minval=-C, maxval=C, dtype=tf.float32)
y_pred = tf.random.uniform(shape=(N, ), minval=-C, maxval=C, dtype=tf.float32)
# Test the MeanabsoluteError_Loss class
mae_manual = MeanAbsoluteError_Loss.mean_absolute_error_manual(y_true, y_pred)
print(f"mean_absolute_error_manual: {mae_manual}")
mae_tf = MeanAbsoluteError_Loss.mean_absolute_error_tf(y_true, y_pred)
print(f"mean_absolute_error_tensorflow: {mae_tf}")
print()
# Plot the points on a graph
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
plt.scatter(y_true.numpy(), y_pred.numpy(), color='blue', label='Predicted vs Actual')
plt.plot([-C, C], [-C, C], 'r--', label='Ideal Line') # Diagonal line representing ideal predictions
plt.title(f"Predictions vs Actuals\nMean Absolute Error: {mae_manual.numpy():.4f}")
plt.xlabel('Actual Values')
plt.ylabel('Predicted Values')
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
mean_absolute_error_test()
圖片
3. Huber Loss
Huber Loss 是介于 MSE 和 MAE 之間的一種損失函數(shù)，當(dāng)誤差較小時(shí)，它像 MSE 一樣處理，而當(dāng)誤差較大時(shí)，它像 MAE 一樣處理。
這樣可以在處理異常值時(shí)更穩(wěn)定。
公式:
特點(diǎn):
- 對(duì)異常值更具有魯棒性，同時(shí)保留了誤差較小時(shí)的敏感性。
import tensorflow as tf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
class Huber_Loss:
"""
This class provides two methods to calculate Huber Loss.
"""
def __init__(self, delta = 1.0):
self.delta = delta
def huber_loss_manual(self, y_true, y_pred):
error = tf.math.abs(y_true - y_pred)
is_small_error = tf.math.less_equal(error, self.delta)
small_error_loss = tf.math.square(error) / 2
large_error_loss = self.delta * (error - (0.5 * self.delta))
loss = tf.where(is_small_error, small_error_loss, large_error_loss)
loss = tf.reduce_mean(loss)
return loss
def huber_loss_tf(self, y_true, y_pred):
huber_loss = tf.keras.losses.Huber(delta = self.delta)(y_true, y_pred)
return huber_loss
if __name__ == "__main__":
def huber_loss_test(N=10, C=10):
# Generate random data
y_true = tf.random.uniform(shape=(N, ), minval=-C, maxval=C, dtype=tf.float32)
y_pred = tf.random.uniform(shape=(N, ), minval=-C, maxval=C, dtype=tf.float32)
# Test the Huber_Loss class
huber = Huber_Loss()
hl_manual = huber.huber_loss_manual(y_true, y_pred)
print(f"huber_loss_manual: {hl_manual}")
hl_tf = huber.huber_loss_tf(y_true, y_pred)
print(f"huber_loss_tensorflow: {hl_tf}")
print()
# Plot the points on a graph
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
plt.scatter(y_true.numpy(), y_pred.numpy(), color='blue', label='Predicted vs Actual')
plt.plot([-C, C], [-C, C], 'r--', label='Ideal Line') # Diagonal line representing ideal predictions
plt.title(f"Predictions vs Actuals\nHuber Loss: {hl_manual.numpy():.4f}")
plt.xlabel('Actual Values')
plt.ylabel('Predicted Values')
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
huber_loss_test()
圖片
4. Cross-Entropy Loss
Cross-Entropy Loss 是分類任務(wù)中廣泛使用的損失函數(shù)，尤其是在二分類和多分類問(wèn)題中。
它衡量的是模型輸出的概率分布與實(shí)際類別的分布之間的差異。
公式:
對(duì)于二分類問(wèn)題：
特點(diǎn):
- 當(dāng)預(yù)測(cè)概率與實(shí)際標(biāo)簽匹配時(shí)，損失較低；否則損失較高。
- 對(duì)于分類問(wèn)題的優(yōu)化尤為有效。
import tensorflow as tf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
class Cross_Entropy_Loss:
"""
This class provides two methods to calculate Cross-Entropy Loss.
"""
def __init__(self):
pass
def cross_entropy_loss_manual(self, y_true, y_pred):
y_pred /= tf.reduce_sum(y_pred)
epsilon = tf.keras.backend.epsilon()
y_pred_new = tf.clip_by_value(y_pred, epsilon, 1.)
loss = - tf.reduce_sum(y_true * tf.math.log(y_pred_new))
return loss
def cross_entropy_loss_tf(self, y_true, y_pred):
loss = tf.keras.losses.categorical_crossentropy(y_true, y_pred)
return loss
if __name__ == "__main__":
def cross_entropy_loss_test(N=10, C=1):
# Generate random data
y_true = tf.random.uniform(shape=(N, ), minval=-C, maxval=C, dtype=tf.float32)
y_pred = tf.random.uniform(shape=(N, ), minval=-C, maxval=C, dtype=tf.float32)
# Test the Cross-Entropy_Loss class
cross_entropy = Cross_Entropy_Loss()
ce_manual = cross_entropy.cross_entropy_loss_manual(y_true, y_pred)
print(f"cross_entropy_loss_manual: {ce_manual}")
ce_tf = cross_entropy.cross_entropy_loss_tf(y_true, y_pred)
print(f"cross_entropy_loss_tensorflow: {ce_tf}")
print()
# Plot the points on a graph
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
plt.scatter(y_true.numpy(), y_pred.numpy(), color='blue', label='Predicted vs Actual')
plt.plot([-C, C], [-C, C], 'r--', label='Ideal Line') # Diagonal line representing ideal predictions
plt.title(f"Predictions vs Actuals\nCross-Entropy Loss: {ce_manual.numpy():.4f}")
plt.xlabel('Actual Values')
plt.ylabel('Predicted Values')
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
cross_entropy_loss_test()5. Hinge Loss
Hinge Loss 通常用于支持向量機(jī)（SVM）中。
它鼓勵(lì)模型使得正確類別的得分高于錯(cuò)誤類別至少一個(gè)邊距（通常是1）。
公式:
特點(diǎn):
- 強(qiáng)制模型為正確類別創(chuàng)造一個(gè)“邊距”，使得分類更加魯棒。
- 適用于線性分類器的優(yōu)化。
import tensorflow as tf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
class Hinge_Loss:
"""
This class provides two methods to calculate Hinge Loss.
"""
def __init__(self):
pass
def hinge_loss_manual(self, y_true, y_pred):
pos = tf.reduce_sum(y_true * y_pred, axis=-1)
neg = tf.reduce_max((1 - y_true) * y_pred, axis=-1)
loss = tf.maximum(0, neg - pos + 1)
return loss
def hinge_loss_tf(self, y_true, y_pred):
loss = tf.keras.losses.CategoricalHinge()(y_true, y_pred)
return loss
if __name__ == "__main__":
def hinge_loss_test(N=10, C=10):
# Generate random data
y_true = tf.random.uniform(shape=(N, ), minval=-C, maxval=C, dtype=tf.int32)
y_pred = tf.random.uniform(shape=(N, ), minval=-C, maxval=C, dtype=tf.int32)
# Test the Hinge_Loss class
cross_entropy = Hinge_Loss()
hl_manual = cross_entropy.hinge_loss_manual(y_true, y_pred)
print(f"hinge_loss_manual: {hl_manual}")
hl_tf = cross_entropy.hinge_loss_tf(y_true, y_pred)
print(f"hinge_loss_tensorflow: {hl_tf}")
print()
# Plot the points on a graph
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
plt.scatter(y_true.numpy(), y_pred.numpy(), color='blue', label='Predicted vs Actual')
plt.plot([-C, C], [-C, C], 'r--', label='Ideal Line') # Diagonal line representing ideal predictions
plt.title(f"Predictions vs Actuals\nHinge Loss: {hl_manual.numpy()}")
plt.xlabel('Actual Values')
plt.ylabel('Predicted Values')
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
hinge_loss_test()6. Intersection Over Union (IoU)
IoU 通常用于目標(biāo)檢測(cè)任務(wù)中，衡量預(yù)測(cè)的邊界框與實(shí)際邊界框之間的重疊程度。
公式:
特點(diǎn):
- 值域在0到1之間，1表示完美重疊，0表示沒有重疊。
- 用于評(píng)估邊界框預(yù)測(cè)的準(zhǔn)確性。
import tensorflow as tf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
class IOU:
def __init__(self):
pass
def IOU_manual(self, y_true, y_pred):
intersection = tf.reduce_sum(tf.cast(tf.logical_and(tf.equal(y_true, 1), tf.equal(y_pred, 1)), dtype=tf.float32))
union = tf.reduce_sum(tf.cast(tf.logical_or(tf.equal(y_true, 1), tf.equal(y_pred, 1)), dtype=tf.float32))
iou = intersection / union
return iou
def IOU_tf(self, y_true, y_pred):
iou_metric = tf.keras.metrics.IoU(num_classes=2, target_class_ids=[1])
iou_metric.update_state(y_true, y_pred)
iou = iou_metric.result()
return iou
if __name__ == "__main__":
def IOU_test(N=10, C=10):
# Generate random data
y_true = tf.random.uniform(shape=(N, ), minval=-C, maxval=C, dtype=tf.int32)
y_pred = tf.random.uniform(shape=(N, ), minval=-C, maxval=C, dtype=tf.int32)
y_true = tf.constant([[0, 1, 1, 0],
[0, 1, 1, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0]], dtype=tf.float32) # Example binary mask (ground truth)
y_pred = tf.constant([[0, 1, 1, 0],
[1, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0]], dtype=tf.float32) # Example binary mask (prediction)
iou = IOU()
iou_manual = iou.IOU_manual(y_true, y_pred)
print(f"IOU_manual: {iou_manual}")
iou_tf = iou.IOU_tf(y_true, y_pred)
print(f"IOU_tensorflow: {iou_tf}")
IOU_test()7. Kullback-Leibler (KL) Divergence
KL 散度是一種衡量?jī)蓚€(gè)概率分布之間差異的非對(duì)稱性度量，通常用于生成模型和變分自編碼器中。
公式:
特點(diǎn):
- 當(dāng) P 和 Q 完全相同時(shí)，KL 散度為0。
- 適用于評(píng)估模型預(yù)測(cè)的概率分布與目標(biāo)概率分布之間的差異。
import tensorflow as tf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
class Kullback_Leibler:
"""
This class provides two methods to calculate Kullback-Leibler Loss.
"""
def __init__(self):
pass
def kullback_leibler_manual(self, y_true, y_pred):
epsilon = tf.keras.backend.epsilon()
y_true = tf.clip_by_value(y_true, epsilon, 1)
y_pred = tf.clip_by_value(y_pred, epsilon, 1)
loss = tf.reduce_sum(y_true * tf.math.log(y_true / y_pred), axis=-1)
return loss
def kullback_leibler_tf(self, y_true, y_pred):
loss = tf.reduce_sum(tf.keras.losses.KLDivergence()(y_true, y_pred))
return loss
if __name__ == "__main__":
def kullback_leibler_test(N=5, C=1):
# Generate random data
y_true = tf.random.uniform(shape=(N, ), minval=0, maxval=C, dtype=tf.float32)
y_pred = tf.random.uniform(shape=(N, ), minval=0, maxval=C, dtype=tf.float32)
#converting them to probabilities
y_true /= tf.reduce_sum(y_true)
y_pred /= tf.reduce_sum(y_pred)
# Test the kullback_leibler class
kl = Kullback_Leibler()
kl_manual = kl.kullback_leibler_manual(y_true, y_pred)
print(f"kullback_leibler_manual: {kl_manual}")
kl_tf = kl.kullback_leibler_tf(y_true, y_pred)
print(f"kullback_leibler_tensorflow: {kl_tf}")
print()
# Plot the points on a graph
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
plt.scatter(y_true.numpy(), y_pred.numpy(), color='blue', label='Predicted vs Actual')
plt.plot([0, C], [0, C], 'r--', label='Ideal Line') # Diagonal line representing ideal predictions
plt.title(f"Predictions vs Actuals\nKullback-Leibler Loss: {kl_manual.numpy()}")
plt.xlabel('Actual Values')
plt.ylabel('Predicted Values')
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
kullback_leibler_test()
圖片
責(zé)任編輯：武曉燕
來(lái)源：
小寒聊python
