如何安裝并設(shè)置Vagrant?
Vagrant 對于虛擬機來說是一個強大的工具,在這里我們將研究如何在 Ubuntu 上設(shè)置和使用 Virtualbox 和 Vagrant 來提供可復(fù)制的虛擬機。
虛擬機,并不復(fù)雜
多年來,開發(fā)人員一直使用虛擬機作為其工作流程的一部分,允許他們交換和更改運行軟件的環(huán)境,這通常是為了防止項目之間的沖突,例如需要 php 5.3 的項目 A 和需要 php 5.4 的項目 B。
并且使用虛擬機意味著你只需要你正在使用的計算機就行,而不需要專用硬件來鏡像你的生產(chǎn)環(huán)境。
當多個開發(fā)人員在一個項目上工作時,它也很方便,他們都可以運行一個包含所有需求的環(huán)境,但是維護多臺機器并確保所有的需求都具有相同的版本是非常困難的,這時 Vagrant 就能派上用場了。
使用虛擬機的好處
- 你的虛擬機與主機環(huán)境是分開的
 - 你可以根據(jù)你代碼的要求裁剪一個定制虛擬機
 - 不會影響其他虛擬機
 - 可以運行在你的主機上無法運行的程序,例如在 Ubuntu 中運行一些只能在 Windows 運行的軟件
 
什么是 Vagrant
簡而言之,這是一個與虛擬機一起工作的工具,可以讓你自動創(chuàng)建和刪除虛擬機。
它圍繞一個名為 VagrantFile 的配置文件而工作,這個配置文件告訴 Vagrant 你想要安裝的操作系統(tǒng),以及一些其他選項,如 IP 和目錄同步。 你還可以在虛擬機上添加一個命令的配置腳本。
通過共享這個 VagrantFile,項目的所有開發(fā)人員全可以使用完全相同的虛擬機。
安裝要求
安裝 VirtualBox
VirtualBox 是運行虛擬機的程序,它可以從 Ubuntu 倉庫中安裝。
sudo apt-get install virtualbox
安裝 Vagrant
對于 Vagrant 本身,你要前往 https://www.vagrantup.com/downloads.html 查看適用于你的操作系統(tǒng)的安裝軟件包。
安裝增強功能
如果你打算與虛擬機共享任何文件夾,則需要安裝以下插件。
vagrant plugin install vagrant-vbguest
配置 Vagrant
首先我們需要為 Vagrant 創(chuàng)建一個文件夾。
mkdir ~/Vagrant/test-vmcd ~/Vagrant/test-vm
創(chuàng)建 VagrantFile:
vagrant init
開啟虛擬機:
vagrant up
登錄機器:
vagrant-ssh
此時,你將擁有一個基本的 vagrant 機器,以及一個名為 VagrantFile 的文件。
定制
在上面的步驟中創(chuàng)建的 VagrantFile 看起來類似于以下內(nèi)容
VagrantFile:
# -*- mode: ruby -*-# vi: set ft=ruby :# All Vagrant configuration is done below. The "2" in Vagrant.configure# configures the configuration version (we support older styles for# backwards compatibility). Please don't change it unless you know what# you're doing.Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|# The most common configuration options are documented and commented below.# For a complete reference, please see the online documentation at# https://docs.vagrantup.com.# Every Vagrant development environment requires a box. You can search for# boxes at https://vagrantcloud.com/search.config.vm.box = "base"# Disable automatic box update checking. If you disable this, then# boxes will only be checked for updates when the user runs# `vagrant box outdated`. This is not recommended.# config.vm.box_check_update = false# Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port# within the machine from a port on the host machine. In the example below,# accessing "localhost:8080" will access port 80 on the guest machine.# NOTE: This will enable public access to the opened port# config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080# Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port# within the machine from a port on the host machine and only allow access# via 127.0.0.1 to disable public access# config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080, host_ip: "127.0.0.1"# Create a private network, which allows host-only access to the machine# using a specific IP.# config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"# Create a public network, which generally matched to bridged network.# Bridged networks make the machine appear as another physical device on# your network.# config.vm.network "public_network"# Share an additional folder to the guest VM. The first argument is# the path on the host to the actual folder. The second argument is# the path on the guest to mount the folder. And the optional third# argument is a set of non-required options.# config.vm.synced_folder "../data", "/vagrant_data"# Provider-specific configuration so you can fine-tune various# backing providers for Vagrant. These expose provider-specific options.# Example for VirtualBox:## config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|# # Display the VirtualBox GUI when booting the machine# vb.gui = true## # Customize the amount of memory on the VM:# vb.memory = "1024"# end## View the documentation for the provider you are using for more# information on available options.# Enable provisioning with a shell script. Additional provisioners such as# Puppet, Chef, Ansible, Salt, and Docker are also available. Please see the# documentation for more information about their specific syntax and use.# config.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL# apt-get update# apt-get install -y apache2# SHELLend
現(xiàn)在這個 VagrantFile 將創(chuàng)建基本的虛擬機。但 Vagrant 背后的理念是讓虛擬機為我們的特定任務(wù)而配置,所以我們刪除注釋和調(diào)整配置。
VagrantFile:
# -*- mode: ruby -*-# vi: set ft=ruby :Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|# Set the Linux Version to Debian Jessieconfig.vm.box = "debian/jessie64"# Set the IP of the Boxconfig.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"# Sync Our Projects Directory with the WWW directoryconfig.vm.synced_folder "~/Projects", "/var/www/"# Run the following to Provisionconfig.vm.provision "shell", path: "install.sh"end
現(xiàn)在我們有一個簡單的 VagrantFile,它將 Linux 版本設(shè)置為 debian jessie,設(shè)置一個 IP 給我們使用,同步我們感興趣的文件夾,并最后運行 install.sh,這是我們可以運行 shell 命令的地方。
install.sh:
#! /usr/bin/env bash# VariablesDBHOST=localhostDBNAME=dbnameDBUSER=dbuserDBPASSWD=test123echo "[ Provisioning machine ]"echo "1) Update APT..."apt-get -qq updateecho "1) Install Utilities..."apt-get install -y tidy pdftk curl xpdf imagemagick openssl vim gitecho "2) Installing Apache..."apt-get install -y apache2echo "3) Installing PHP and packages..."apt-get install -y php5 libapache2-mod-php5 libssh2-php php-pear php5-cli php5-common php5-curl php5-dev php5-gd php5-imagick php5-imap php5-intl php5-mcrypt php5-memcached php5-mysql php5-pspell php5-xdebug php5-xmlrpc#php5-suhosin-extension, php5-mysqlndecho "4) Installing MySQL..."debconf-set-selections <<< "mysql-server mysql-server/root_password password secret"debconf-set-selections <<< "mysql-server mysql-server/root_password_again password secret"apt-get install -y mysql-servermysql -uroot -p$DBPASSWD -e "CREATE DATABASE $DBNAME"mysql -uroot -p$DBPASSWD -e "grant all privileges on $DBNAME.* to '$DBUSER'@'localhost' identified by '$DBPASSWD'"echo "5) Generating self signed certificate..."mkdir -p /etc/ssl/localcertsopenssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -nodes -subj "/C=US/ST=Denial/L=Springfield/O=Dis/CN=www.example.com" -out /etc/ssl/localcerts/apache.pem -keyout /etc/ssl/localcerts/apache.keychmod 600 /etc/ssl/localcerts/apache*echo "6) Setup Apache..."a2enmod rewrite> /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.confecho "<VirtualHost *:80>ServerAdmin webmaster@localhostDocumentRoot /var/www/ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.logCustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined</VirtualHost>" >> /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.confservice apache2 restartecho "7) Composer Install..."curl --silent https://getcomposer.org/installer | phpmv composer.phar /usr/local/bin/composerecho "8) Install NodeJS..."curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_6.x | sudo -E bash -apt-get -qq updateapt-get -y install nodejsecho "9) Install NPM Packages..."npm install -g gulp gulp-cliecho "Provisioning Completed"
通過上面的步驟,在你的目錄中會有 VagrantFile 和 install.sh,運行 vagrant 會做下面的事情:
- 采用 Debian Jessie 來創(chuàng)建虛擬機
 - 將機器的 IP 設(shè)置為 192.168.33.10
 - 同步 
~/Projects和/var/www/目錄 - 安裝并設(shè)置 Apache、Mysql、PHP、Git、Vim
 - 安裝并運行 Composer
 - 安裝 Nodejs 和 gulp
 - 創(chuàng)建一個 MySQL 數(shù)據(jù)庫
 - 創(chuàng)建自簽名證書
 
通過與其他人共享 VagrantFile 和 install.sh,你可以在兩臺不同的機器上使用完全相同的環(huán)境。 
















 
 
 





 
 
 
 